Financial inclusion in India: a case study of Gubbi

Abstract

Financial inclusion can play a key role in facilitating inclusive economic growth particularly in a developing economy. An inclusive finance must provide better banking services to all sections of society, especially low-income and weaker sections. The uniqueness of having a bank account is that it not only provides basic banking facility but also finance for investment/production purposes which opens opportunities for enhanced employment. Since 2005, concerted efforts have been made by the Reserve Bank India (RBI) and National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) to extend financial inclusion across India, especially to weaker sections of society, as they remained excluded from services offered by financial institutions. In2003, a study revealed that only 27 per cent of total households had accessed credit from institutional sources including banks and cooperative institutions. In 2012, just about 40 per cent of adult population had bank accounts. The present study based on a Survey of farmers and non-farmers undertaken in Gubbi in 2013 and early2014, attempted to examine the impact of such measures by the RBI and NABARD in opening of accounts, availing of loans from formal institutions, ease of transactions, and factors hindering financial inclusion in rural areas. The results revealed that though credit from banks was improving, money lenders continued to be an important source of finance. The major factors that were hampering the banking system to extend credit was lack of awareness of government initiatives, distance from the bank, and long term relationship with money lenders. The bankers who were also interviewed for the Survey stressed that financial literacy was lacking in the country, BC model was useful but not very successful as attrition rate was high, and technological issues in handsets, especially connectivity, were substantial which were impeding expansion of bank accounts.