Opportunities and challenges for 3D printing in India: Industry analysis, growth sectors and future viability

Abstract

3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, has been around since the 1980s. Initially, it found its application in rapid prototyping. One of the first rapid prototyping techniques was “stereo-lithography”. The term “stereo-lithography” was coined by Charles W Hull, founder of 3D systems.1 Hull’s method involved focusing ultra (UV) rays on curable liquids known as liquid photopolymers. A 3D object can be created using this technique by hardening the liquid layer by layer (and hence additive manufacturing). The emergence and adoption of stereo-lithography was also aided by the evolution of Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. According to the international standards organization ASTM International (formerly the American Society for Testing and Materials) Technical Committee F42 on Additive Manufacturing Technology, there are 7 different processes under 3D printing umbrella. These are: binder jetting, directed energy deposition, material extrusion, material jetting, powder bed fusion, sheet lamination and vat photo polymerization (stereo-lithography). Of these, material extrusion is the most common technique among deployed 3D printing systems. In recent years, there has been an increase in the usage of 3D techniques due to advances in technology of printing. In the 2000s, open source 3d printer collaborations brought down costs and rapid technological advancements have resulted in an explosion of categories for 3d printed applications such as transport, automobile, healthcare, jewelry, machine components, do-it-yourself items, toys etc.